Seaweed, or marine algae, comprises a diverse group of marine plants found in saltwater and brackish environments. In recent years, seaweed has attracted significant interest across various sectors, including the food industry, medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture, owing to its rich nutritional profile and numerous health benefits. Recognized as a valuable natural resource, seaweed has a wide range of applications spanning economic, social, and environmental domains. Currently, seaweed varieties are categorized according to their intended use and potential applications in food, medicine, industry, and environmental conservation.

Seaweed in Food

Seaweed is a valuable food resource with high nutritional value, including notable species such as kelp (Gracilaria eucheumoides), nori (Pyropia crispate), and sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera). These varieties are extensively utilized in culinary applications and exhibit substantial potential for further exploration. However, research on their abundance and distribution in Vietnam remains limited. This gap underscores a considerable opportunity for comprehensive research and widespread application, especially in the context of escalating demand for clean and nutritious food sources.

Seaweed is a rich source of essential nutrients such as protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The protein content in seaweed ranges from 10-47% of its dry weight, depending on the species, and is particularly notable for its abundance of essential amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize.

In addition to its protein content, seaweed is a valuable source of dietary fiber, especially soluble fibers like alginate, carrageenan, and agar, which contribute to improved digestion and regulation of blood sugar levels. Seaweed fibers can aid in lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Additionally, seaweed is rich in antioxidants, including carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols. These compounds possess the ability to neutralize free radicals, thereby offering protective effects against chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders.

Applications in Medicine and Cosmetics

Seaweed, especially red and brown varieties, plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry due to its high-value bioactive compounds such as kainic acid, alginate, fucoidan, and laminarin. These compounds are not only used in pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements but also exhibit potent pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Notably, fucoidan, a polysaccharide found in brown seaweeds like Kombu and Wakame, has been shown to stimulate the immune system and inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Given its potential for the development of new pharmaceutical products, seaweed contributes not only to the economic value of the industry but also paves the way for advancements in healthcare.

In addition, seaweed has gained significant traction in the cosmetics industry due to its moisturizing and skin-rejuvenating properties. Seaweed extracts such as alginate and carrageenan are commonly used as thickeners and moisturizers in a variety of skincare products.

Contribution to Sustainable Agriculture

Seaweed is not only valuable in the food and pharmaceutical industries but also plays an important role in sustainable agriculture. Its capacity to supply essential minerals and improve soil structure makes it an effective biological fertilizer. Seaweed products, such as seaweed extracts, can stimulate plant growth and enhance plant resistance to harsh conditions such as drought and salinity.

Furthermore, seaweed plays a crucial role in aquaculture by improving water quality and serving as a natural feed source for aquatic species. Integrating seaweed cultivation with fish and shellfish farming can mitigate environmental impacts and enhance productivity.

Beyond these applications, seaweed is increasingly used in animal feed, fertilizers, and biofuels. The use of seaweed as animal feed has expanded in recent years, with many companies involved in its collection and processing. Of particular interest is the production of biofuels from seaweed, which, although still in its nascent stages, is drawing significant attention as a promising area for further research.

Environmental Protection and Climate Change Response

Seaweed plays a crucial role in environmental protection and climate change response due to its capacity to absorb CO₂ and excess nutrients from aquatic environments. This process not only reduces the effects of greenhouse gas but also enhances water quality. The expansion of seaweed cultivation could reduce the emissions from agriculture, by improving soil quality substituting synthetic fertilizer and when included in cattle fed, lowering methane emissions from cattle. Additionally, seaweed helps prevent erosion and protect coastlines from wave impacts and rising sea levels. Its use in natural coastal protection systems has proven to be an effective and sustainable solution, fostering the stability and balance of coastal ecosystems. This underscores the value of seaweed not only economic terms but also for its environmental benefits.

Seaweed is a high-value natural resource with diverse potential applications across various sectors, including food, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and environmental protection. Its effective utilization and sustainable exploitation contribute not only to economic development but also to environmental conservation and climate change mitigation. However, to fully harness this potential, further in-depth research and supportive policies are essential to ensure that seaweed is harvested sustainably, providing long-term benefits for society and the environment.